Participles Adjectives

Participles  Adjectives

1. A participle is a verb form which can be used as an adjective to
describe a noun.
     an interesting book
     an interested student
2. When the present participle (-ing from) is used, the noun it describes is (or was) the
   performer of the activity named by the participle.  For example, in the sentence
   "The dog barks," the dog is the performer of the action (bark). It is a barking dog.

3. When the past participle (-ed, -en form) is used, the noun it describes is (or was)
   acted upon.  For example, in The child is frightened by the dog, the child is the
   receiver of the action and is described as a frightened child.

4. The use of the present or past participle does not depend on the verb tense of the
   sentence, but rather on the performer/receiver situation.
1.The dog barks  .   It is a barking dog
2.The dog barked   .   It was a barking dog
3. The dog frightens the cat.     It is a frightening dog.
4.The dog frightened the cat.         It was a frightening dog.
5.The problem confuses the students.     It is a confusing problem.
6. The students are confused by the problem.     They are confused students.
7.The story amused the children.     It was an amusing story.
8. The children were amused by the story.     They were amused children.
9. The class bores the students.     It is a boring class.
10.The students are bored by the class.     They are bored students.

5. The use of participles is not restricted to the subject of a
sentence. In other words, the same statement can produce both a
present (active) and a past (passive) participle.

Examples:

The dog frightens the cat.     The frightening dog runs after the cat.
                                              The frightened cat runs away.
The problem confuses the students.     The confusing problem frightens the students.
                                                           They are confused students.
The story amused the children.         It was an amusing story.
                                                        The amused children laughed a lot.
The class bores the students.     What a boring class it is!
                                                  The bored students have stopped listening to the teacher.

6. Participles used as adjectives often come after the noun they modify, following a linking verb like Be, Become, or Seem
Mathematics is interesting.
My friends are interested in sports
You seem confused
Problems often become frustrating.
I am fascinated by my children.
My children quickly became tired at school.
School can be tiring for young children

Spoof text

Spoof Text

Definition and Social Function of Spoof

Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof :

1. Orientation : Sets the scene

2. Events        : tell what happened

3. Twist         : provides the punch line ( funny ending of joke, the last part of a joke or   funny story that delivers the meaning and the bulk of humor )

Language Feature of Spoof :

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things

2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc

3. Using adverb of time and place

4. Told in chronological order

That Phone is Off

Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very rich and had no children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real estate agency.

Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in. he had only been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming toward the door of his office.

“It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly picked up the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country.

The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and waited politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the man said to Dave; “I am from the telephone company and I was sent here to connect your telephone”

Notes on the Spoof’s Generic Structure

Orientation: Dave was a lucky man. He suddenly became a very rich man because of the death of his rich uncle who had no children. He inherited his uncle’s money.

Event 1: Being rich, he wanted to set up his estate company

Event 2: He had his new office. In his office, he pretended to be a very successful businessman. He acted as had an important client. He showed by making conversation on the phone.

Twist: The man whom he showed is a telephone technician. He came to Dave’s office to connect that phone.

Agreement and Disagreement

Agreement and Disagreement

To express agree or disagree to an opinion, you may use the following expressions:

Starting an opinion	In my opinion… The way I see it… If you want my honest opinion…. According to Lisa… As far as I’m concerned… If you ask me…
Asking for an opinion	What’s your idea? What are your thoughts on all of this? How do you feel about that? Do you have anything to say about this? What do you think? Do you agree? Wouldn’t you say?
Expressing agreement	I agree with you 100 percent. I couldn’t agree with you more. That’s so true. That’s for sure. (slang) Tell me about it! You’re absolutely right. Absolutely. That’s exactly how I feel. Exactly. I’m afraid I agree with James. I have to side with Dad on this one. No doubt about it. (agree with negative statement) Me neither. (weak) I suppose so./I guess so. You have a point there. I was just going to say that.
Expressing disagreement	I don’t think so. (strong) No way. I’m afraid I disagree. (strong) I totally disagree. I beg to differ. (strong) I’d say the exact opposite. Not necessarily. That’s not always true. That’s not always the case. No, I’m not so sure about that. I can’t accept it I don’t think I agree with you.

Analytical Exposition

Analytical Exposition

Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition:

1. Thesis                     : Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

2. Arguments            : Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position

3. Reiteration          :Restating the writer’s position

Language Features of Analytical Exposition

*          Using relational process

*          Using internal conjunction

*          Using causal conjunction

*          Using Simple Present Tense

Example of Analytical Exposition :

Is Smoking Good for Us?

Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.

Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.

Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.

Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.

Notes on the generic structure of this example of analytical exposition

As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This thesis places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.

Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.

Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.

Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies

Active/Passive Verb Form

Active / Passive Verb Forms

        Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:

1.                        The Professor       teaches       the students.

Subject                 Verb                 object

doing action                             receiving action

2.                        John                     washes        the dishes.

Subject                 Verb            object

doing action                             receiving action

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:

1.                        The students        are taught            by the professor.

Subject                 passive verb          doing action

receiving action

2.                        The dishes            are washed           by John

Subject                 passive verb          doing action

receiving action

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

Hortatory Exposition

Garden Green Schools

Green Schools is an effort to preserve the environment around the school by way of greening, reforestation, planting of a thousand flowers, and others. More than building a green school, they are places where children learn the wonders of the world and teachers prepare for generation of leaders and citizens. These schools are built and operated full with clean air and sunlight and to be free from toxic materials and hazardous chemicals. Green schools are energy efficient, helping to lower utility costs, conserve resources and reduce waste. Green schools showing their commitment to children and their future, which in turn, learned from an early age the importance and benefits of acting as responsible stewards of their community and the larger world. Global warming is also a trigger environmental damage.

Therefore, my school held a program in a thousand flowers, all participating students and teachers to implement the program a thousand flower garden, not only the school head teachers also participate in this program. In my school there are many ornamental plants, among others Argonema , japan frangipani, rose, jasmine and others. it's all done in our schools to create a comfortable school, many flowers can beautify the school.

I think that green schools are very good, because it can be beneficial to students, teachers and people around. With a green park, teaching and learning activities can be implemented well, comfortable, not just the air around our schools would be cool if we diligently to take care of the plants around our school. plants - plants that are very beneficial to human life, because the plant was associated with human reciprocity.

I hope that our schools maintain and care for these beautiful gardens, to keep it more beautiful and comfortable. Because of green schools is everyone's dream, so we must always maintain the best possible to prevent damage. we can take care of watering and by doing regular maintenance, because what we are doing now is so mean to the next generation. Like the grain sprouts we plant, we help our earth to avoid environmental damage.

what is Hortatory Exposition?

Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory exposition is a text that describes a theory / problem in a comprehensive manner with the aim of encouraging others to do / not do something.

STRUCTURE OF GENERIC HORTATORY Exposition

Generic Structure, or the general arrangement of hortatory exposition is as follows:

1. Thesis / General Statement

Thesis / statement contains a general opening statement on the topic of discussion. As an example we will discuss about the dangers of smoking, thesis statement that we can use for example:

"Smoking can cause cancer, heart attacks, and impotence."

2. Arguments

Arguments, "Opinion" contains further discussions of the thesis statement in detail. It would be better if the argument was not only contains the personal opinions of the authors, but also may contain the opinions of experts. Referring to the example of smoking thesis statement above, we can make supporting arguments with more detail, for example:

Argument 1:

 I thought the heart attack suffered by the director of PT. LaptopButut, sir "XXX", due to the intensity of smoking more than drinking water. (To be developed further in this paragraph)

Argument 2:

 It has been widely proven that smoking has almost become a major cause of  cancer. (Continue to develop this paragraph)

Argument 3:

The Impotence of a boss "XXX" in town "XXX" is mentioned because of the habit of smoking before bed. (continue to expand again this paragraph)

3. Recommendation.

Recommendation / suggestion contains advice writers on the topic of discussion. If you talk about the dangers of cigarettes, pal dong would know what to recommend?

Characteristic use of language in general Hortatory:

     * Abstrac nouns, such as policy, government, etc..

     * Technical verbs, such as species of animals, etc..

     * Relating verbs, for example, should be, does not seem to have been, and so on.

     * Action verbs, for example, we must save, and so on.

     * Thinking verbs, for example, I believe, and so on.

     * Modal verbs, eg We must preserve, and so on.

     * Modal adverbs, eg Certainly, we, and so on.

     * Connectives, eg Firstly, secondly, etc..

     * Simple present tense

     * Discuss evaluative, such as Important, valuable, and so on.

     * The passive (passive voice)

What is phrasal verb??

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.)

Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.:

    * look up – consult a reference book (look a word up I n a dictionary)

    * look for – seek (look for her ring)

    * look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look  forward to meeting someone)

There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings. In our lists, you will find some frequently used phrasal verbs and their meanings.

Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs with:

*     break, bring, call, carry, come, do, fall, get, go, keep, look, make, put, run, set, take, turn

Position of the Particle

The particle is placed either after the verb or after the object.

Example:

    Write down the word. / Write the word down.

If the object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object).

Example:

    Write it down.